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Lampire Biological s. mutans whole cell antiserum
The schematic diagram of the mecA flanking region (A) and RT-PCR analysis (B) . (A) Schematic diagram of the flanking regions of mecA in the genome of S. <t>mutans</t> UA159. Numbers underneath represent the size of the respective genes. Arrows above and underneath indicate the location and orientation of the primers used for reverse transcription (5) and cDNA amplification (F and R). (B) RT-PCR analysis of the mecA / rgpG cluster. cDNA generated from reverse transcription using total RNA extract of S. mutans was PCR amplified using primer set PmecARgpG (lane 1), which shows a single amplicon indicative of co-transcription of mecA and rgpG . Negative control (lane 2) with no reverse transcriptase shows no DNA amplification. M, for molecular marker.
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1) Product Images from "Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation"

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

The schematic diagram of the mecA flanking region (A) and RT-PCR analysis (B) . (A) Schematic diagram of the flanking regions of mecA in the genome of S. mutans UA159. Numbers underneath represent the size of the respective genes. Arrows above and underneath indicate the location and orientation of the primers used for reverse transcription (5) and cDNA amplification (F and R). (B) RT-PCR analysis of the mecA / rgpG cluster. cDNA generated from reverse transcription using total RNA extract of S. mutans was PCR amplified using primer set PmecARgpG (lane 1), which shows a single amplicon indicative of co-transcription of mecA and rgpG . Negative control (lane 2) with no reverse transcriptase shows no DNA amplification. M, for molecular marker.
Figure Legend Snippet: The schematic diagram of the mecA flanking region (A) and RT-PCR analysis (B) . (A) Schematic diagram of the flanking regions of mecA in the genome of S. mutans UA159. Numbers underneath represent the size of the respective genes. Arrows above and underneath indicate the location and orientation of the primers used for reverse transcription (5) and cDNA amplification (F and R). (B) RT-PCR analysis of the mecA / rgpG cluster. cDNA generated from reverse transcription using total RNA extract of S. mutans was PCR amplified using primer set PmecARgpG (lane 1), which shows a single amplicon indicative of co-transcription of mecA and rgpG . Negative control (lane 2) with no reverse transcriptase shows no DNA amplification. M, for molecular marker.

Techniques Used: Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcription, Amplification, Generated, Negative Control, DNA Amplification, Marker

Colony morphology of the mecA mutant. S. mutans wild-type (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown on BHI agar plates. Relative to the rough, dry colonies of UA159, the colonies of TW416 were round, mucoid, and smooth. Images were taken using Samsung Galaxy Note V.
Figure Legend Snippet: Colony morphology of the mecA mutant. S. mutans wild-type (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown on BHI agar plates. Relative to the rough, dry colonies of UA159, the colonies of TW416 were round, mucoid, and smooth. Images were taken using Samsung Galaxy Note V.

Techniques Used: Mutagenesis

Growth characterization of the mecA mutant. (A) Growth phenotypes of S. mutans wild-type (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) when grown in BHI broth overnight. Arrow indicates severe clumping of the mecA mutant at the tip of the tooth pick. (B) S. mutans strains grown in BHI broth, BHI broth with pH adjusted to 6.0 and BHI broth with inclusion of methyl viologen at 12.5 mM. The optical densities of the cultures at 600 nm were recorded continuously using a Bioscreen C. Data presented in panel (B) are representatives of three separate experiments.
Figure Legend Snippet: Growth characterization of the mecA mutant. (A) Growth phenotypes of S. mutans wild-type (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) when grown in BHI broth overnight. Arrow indicates severe clumping of the mecA mutant at the tip of the tooth pick. (B) S. mutans strains grown in BHI broth, BHI broth with pH adjusted to 6.0 and BHI broth with inclusion of methyl viologen at 12.5 mM. The optical densities of the cultures at 600 nm were recorded continuously using a Bioscreen C. Data presented in panel (B) are representatives of three separate experiments.

Techniques Used: Mutagenesis

TEM analysis. S. mutans wildtype (UA159 and A&D), the mecA mutant (TW416 and B&E) and its mecA complement strain (TW416C and C&F) were grown in BHI broth until mid-exponential phase (OD 600nm ≈0.4). (A,B,C) were images taken at magnification of 10,000 × g , and (D,EF) at 25,000×, respectively. Scale bars represent 500 nm. Images in (G) are inserts of blow-up regions of the cell envelope of the different strains with the mutant showing a fuzzy, loose cell envelope (ce) and a thin cytoplasmic membrane (cm), as indicated. The arrows in (E) indicate the fuzzy, loose cell envelope and the asterisks indicating low-density patches of the deficient mutant.
Figure Legend Snippet: TEM analysis. S. mutans wildtype (UA159 and A&D), the mecA mutant (TW416 and B&E) and its mecA complement strain (TW416C and C&F) were grown in BHI broth until mid-exponential phase (OD 600nm ≈0.4). (A,B,C) were images taken at magnification of 10,000 × g , and (D,EF) at 25,000×, respectively. Scale bars represent 500 nm. Images in (G) are inserts of blow-up regions of the cell envelope of the different strains with the mutant showing a fuzzy, loose cell envelope (ce) and a thin cytoplasmic membrane (cm), as indicated. The arrows in (E) indicate the fuzzy, loose cell envelope and the asterisks indicating low-density patches of the deficient mutant.

Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Membrane

Biofilm formation. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose (BMGS), glucose (BMG) or sucrose (BMS). Biofilms were grown on polystyrene surface in 96 well plates and analyzed using a spectrophotometer. Results presented here represent mean absorbance at 575 nm (±standard deviation in error bars) from three independent experiments and ∗ and # P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively.
Figure Legend Snippet: Biofilm formation. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose (BMGS), glucose (BMG) or sucrose (BMS). Biofilms were grown on polystyrene surface in 96 well plates and analyzed using a spectrophotometer. Results presented here represent mean absorbance at 575 nm (±standard deviation in error bars) from three independent experiments and ∗ and # P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively.

Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Spectrophotometry, Standard Deviation

Confocal microscopic analysis of biofilms. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose, glucose or sucrose. Biofilms were grown on HA disks vertically placed in 12 well plates for 24 h, and analyzed using a laser scanning confocal microscope. Panel shows representatives of the compressed confocal images at xy, yz, and xz axis of biofilms of UA159, TW416, and TW416C grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose.
Figure Legend Snippet: Confocal microscopic analysis of biofilms. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose, glucose or sucrose. Biofilms were grown on HA disks vertically placed in 12 well plates for 24 h, and analyzed using a laser scanning confocal microscope. Panel shows representatives of the compressed confocal images at xy, yz, and xz axis of biofilms of UA159, TW416, and TW416C grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose.

Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Microscopy

SEM analysis of biofilms. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose, glucose or sucrose. Biofilms were grown on HA disks vertically placed in 12 well plates for 24 h, and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Panel shows images of UA159 and TW416 biofilms grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose, which were taken at magnification of 5,000 and 10,000 × g as indicated, with arrows indicating extracellular polymeric substances and asterisks indicating broken cells and cell debris, respectively.
Figure Legend Snippet: SEM analysis of biofilms. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose, glucose or sucrose. Biofilms were grown on HA disks vertically placed in 12 well plates for 24 h, and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Panel shows images of UA159 and TW416 biofilms grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose, which were taken at magnification of 5,000 and 10,000 × g as indicated, with arrows indicating extracellular polymeric substances and asterisks indicating broken cells and cell debris, respectively.

Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Microscopy

Acid and hydrogen peroxide challenge assays. S. mutans strains were grown until mid-exponential phase (OD 600nm ≈0.3) and then subjected to an acid or hydrogen peroxide killing. (A) shows survival rate of wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) following incubation in glycin buffer of pH 2.8, while (B) shows survival rate of the strains in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Data represented here are means (±standard deviation) of at least three independent experiments, with ∗ P < 0.001 as comparing to the wild-type.
Figure Legend Snippet: Acid and hydrogen peroxide challenge assays. S. mutans strains were grown until mid-exponential phase (OD 600nm ≈0.3) and then subjected to an acid or hydrogen peroxide killing. (A) shows survival rate of wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) following incubation in glycin buffer of pH 2.8, while (B) shows survival rate of the strains in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Data represented here are means (±standard deviation) of at least three independent experiments, with ∗ P < 0.001 as comparing to the wild-type.

Techniques Used: Mutagenesis, Incubation, Standard Deviation

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Membrane:

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Dot Blot:

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Generated:

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Mutagenesis:

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Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction:

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Reverse Transcription:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
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Amplification:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
Article Snippet: 222 For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto 223 a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad) (34), and probed with 224 on July 9, 2017 by U N IV O F C A LIF S A N D IE G O http://aem .asm .org/ D ow nloaded from 11 S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the 225 wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was 226 adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG/brpA/psr 227 triple mutant (35, 36).

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation
Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Negative Control:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
Article Snippet: 222 For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto 223 a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad) (34), and probed with 224 on July 9, 2017 by U N IV O F C A LIF S A N D IE G O http://aem .asm .org/ D ow nloaded from 11 S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the 225 wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was 226 adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG/brpA/psr 227 triple mutant (35, 36).

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation
Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

DNA Amplification:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
Article Snippet: 222 For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto 223 a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad) (34), and probed with 224 on July 9, 2017 by U N IV O F C A LIF S A N D IE G O http://aem .asm .org/ D ow nloaded from 11 S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the 225 wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was 226 adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG/brpA/psr 227 triple mutant (35, 36).

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation
Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Marker:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
Article Snippet: 222 For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto 223 a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad) (34), and probed with 224 on July 9, 2017 by U N IV O F C A LIF S A N D IE G O http://aem .asm .org/ D ow nloaded from 11 S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the 225 wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was 226 adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG/brpA/psr 227 triple mutant (35, 36).

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation
Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Spectrophotometry:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
Article Snippet: 222 For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto 223 a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad) (34), and probed with 224 on July 9, 2017 by U N IV O F C A LIF S A N D IE G O http://aem .asm .org/ D ow nloaded from 11 S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the 225 wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was 226 adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG/brpA/psr 227 triple mutant (35, 36).

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation
Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Standard Deviation:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
Article Snippet: 222 For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto 223 a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad) (34), and probed with 224 on July 9, 2017 by U N IV O F C A LIF S A N D IE G O http://aem .asm .org/ D ow nloaded from 11 S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the 225 wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was 226 adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG/brpA/psr 227 triple mutant (35, 36).

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation
Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Microscopy:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
Article Snippet: 222 For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto 223 a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad) (34), and probed with 224 on July 9, 2017 by U N IV O F C A LIF S A N D IE G O http://aem .asm .org/ D ow nloaded from 11 S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the 225 wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was 226 adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG/brpA/psr 227 triple mutant (35, 36).

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation
Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Incubation:

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans
Article Snippet: 222 For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto 223 a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad) (34), and probed with 224 on July 9, 2017 by U N IV O F C A LIF S A N D IE G O http://aem .asm .org/ D ow nloaded from 11 S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the 225 wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was 226 adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG/brpA/psr 227 triple mutant (35, 36).

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation
Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).



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The schematic diagram of the mecA flanking region (A) and RT-PCR analysis (B) . (A) Schematic diagram of the flanking regions of mecA in the genome of S. <t>mutans</t> UA159. Numbers underneath represent the size of the respective genes. Arrows above and underneath indicate the location and orientation of the primers used for reverse transcription (5) and cDNA amplification (F and R). (B) RT-PCR analysis of the mecA / rgpG cluster. cDNA generated from reverse transcription using total RNA extract of S. mutans was PCR amplified using primer set PmecARgpG (lane 1), which shows a single amplicon indicative of co-transcription of mecA and rgpG . Negative control (lane 2) with no reverse transcriptase shows no DNA amplification. M, for molecular marker.
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The schematic diagram of the mecA flanking region (A) and RT-PCR analysis (B) . (A) Schematic diagram of the flanking regions of mecA in the genome of S. <t>mutans</t> UA159. Numbers underneath represent the size of the respective genes. Arrows above and underneath indicate the location and orientation of the primers used for reverse transcription (5) and cDNA amplification (F and R). (B) RT-PCR analysis of the mecA / rgpG cluster. cDNA generated from reverse transcription using total RNA extract of S. mutans was PCR amplified using primer set PmecARgpG (lane 1), which shows a single amplicon indicative of co-transcription of mecA and rgpG . Negative control (lane 2) with no reverse transcriptase shows no DNA amplification. M, for molecular marker.
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Growth study. The S. <t>mutans</t> wild-type strain (UA159), its rgpG (TW322 and TW393), brpA (TW14D), psr (TW251), rgpG brpA (TW340), rgpG psr (TW341), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) mutants, and the rgpG complement strain (TW393C) were grown in BHI (A and C), semidefined biofilm medium (A) with glucose (BMG) and sucrose (BMS) as the carbohydrate sources, and BHI adjusted to pH 7.0 and 6.0 (B). The optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of the cultures was monitored continuously using Bioscreen C with a sterile mineral oil overlay. The data presented here are representative of more than three separate experiments.
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The schematic diagram of the mecA flanking region (A) and RT-PCR analysis (B) . (A) Schematic diagram of the flanking regions of mecA in the genome of S. mutans UA159. Numbers underneath represent the size of the respective genes. Arrows above and underneath indicate the location and orientation of the primers used for reverse transcription (5) and cDNA amplification (F and R). (B) RT-PCR analysis of the mecA / rgpG cluster. cDNA generated from reverse transcription using total RNA extract of S. mutans was PCR amplified using primer set PmecARgpG (lane 1), which shows a single amplicon indicative of co-transcription of mecA and rgpG . Negative control (lane 2) with no reverse transcriptase shows no DNA amplification. M, for molecular marker.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

Figure Lengend Snippet: The schematic diagram of the mecA flanking region (A) and RT-PCR analysis (B) . (A) Schematic diagram of the flanking regions of mecA in the genome of S. mutans UA159. Numbers underneath represent the size of the respective genes. Arrows above and underneath indicate the location and orientation of the primers used for reverse transcription (5) and cDNA amplification (F and R). (B) RT-PCR analysis of the mecA / rgpG cluster. cDNA generated from reverse transcription using total RNA extract of S. mutans was PCR amplified using primer set PmecARgpG (lane 1), which shows a single amplicon indicative of co-transcription of mecA and rgpG . Negative control (lane 2) with no reverse transcriptase shows no DNA amplification. M, for molecular marker.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Techniques: Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcription, Amplification, Generated, Negative Control, DNA Amplification, Marker

Colony morphology of the mecA mutant. S. mutans wild-type (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown on BHI agar plates. Relative to the rough, dry colonies of UA159, the colonies of TW416 were round, mucoid, and smooth. Images were taken using Samsung Galaxy Note V.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

Figure Lengend Snippet: Colony morphology of the mecA mutant. S. mutans wild-type (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown on BHI agar plates. Relative to the rough, dry colonies of UA159, the colonies of TW416 were round, mucoid, and smooth. Images were taken using Samsung Galaxy Note V.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Growth characterization of the mecA mutant. (A) Growth phenotypes of S. mutans wild-type (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) when grown in BHI broth overnight. Arrow indicates severe clumping of the mecA mutant at the tip of the tooth pick. (B) S. mutans strains grown in BHI broth, BHI broth with pH adjusted to 6.0 and BHI broth with inclusion of methyl viologen at 12.5 mM. The optical densities of the cultures at 600 nm were recorded continuously using a Bioscreen C. Data presented in panel (B) are representatives of three separate experiments.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth characterization of the mecA mutant. (A) Growth phenotypes of S. mutans wild-type (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) when grown in BHI broth overnight. Arrow indicates severe clumping of the mecA mutant at the tip of the tooth pick. (B) S. mutans strains grown in BHI broth, BHI broth with pH adjusted to 6.0 and BHI broth with inclusion of methyl viologen at 12.5 mM. The optical densities of the cultures at 600 nm were recorded continuously using a Bioscreen C. Data presented in panel (B) are representatives of three separate experiments.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

TEM analysis. S. mutans wildtype (UA159 and A&D), the mecA mutant (TW416 and B&E) and its mecA complement strain (TW416C and C&F) were grown in BHI broth until mid-exponential phase (OD 600nm ≈0.4). (A,B,C) were images taken at magnification of 10,000 × g , and (D,EF) at 25,000×, respectively. Scale bars represent 500 nm. Images in (G) are inserts of blow-up regions of the cell envelope of the different strains with the mutant showing a fuzzy, loose cell envelope (ce) and a thin cytoplasmic membrane (cm), as indicated. The arrows in (E) indicate the fuzzy, loose cell envelope and the asterisks indicating low-density patches of the deficient mutant.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

Figure Lengend Snippet: TEM analysis. S. mutans wildtype (UA159 and A&D), the mecA mutant (TW416 and B&E) and its mecA complement strain (TW416C and C&F) were grown in BHI broth until mid-exponential phase (OD 600nm ≈0.4). (A,B,C) were images taken at magnification of 10,000 × g , and (D,EF) at 25,000×, respectively. Scale bars represent 500 nm. Images in (G) are inserts of blow-up regions of the cell envelope of the different strains with the mutant showing a fuzzy, loose cell envelope (ce) and a thin cytoplasmic membrane (cm), as indicated. The arrows in (E) indicate the fuzzy, loose cell envelope and the asterisks indicating low-density patches of the deficient mutant.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Membrane

Biofilm formation. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose (BMGS), glucose (BMG) or sucrose (BMS). Biofilms were grown on polystyrene surface in 96 well plates and analyzed using a spectrophotometer. Results presented here represent mean absorbance at 575 nm (±standard deviation in error bars) from three independent experiments and ∗ and # P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biofilm formation. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose (BMGS), glucose (BMG) or sucrose (BMS). Biofilms were grown on polystyrene surface in 96 well plates and analyzed using a spectrophotometer. Results presented here represent mean absorbance at 575 nm (±standard deviation in error bars) from three independent experiments and ∗ and # P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Spectrophotometry, Standard Deviation

Confocal microscopic analysis of biofilms. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose, glucose or sucrose. Biofilms were grown on HA disks vertically placed in 12 well plates for 24 h, and analyzed using a laser scanning confocal microscope. Panel shows representatives of the compressed confocal images at xy, yz, and xz axis of biofilms of UA159, TW416, and TW416C grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

Figure Lengend Snippet: Confocal microscopic analysis of biofilms. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose, glucose or sucrose. Biofilms were grown on HA disks vertically placed in 12 well plates for 24 h, and analyzed using a laser scanning confocal microscope. Panel shows representatives of the compressed confocal images at xy, yz, and xz axis of biofilms of UA159, TW416, and TW416C grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Microscopy

SEM analysis of biofilms. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose, glucose or sucrose. Biofilms were grown on HA disks vertically placed in 12 well plates for 24 h, and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Panel shows images of UA159 and TW416 biofilms grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose, which were taken at magnification of 5,000 and 10,000 × g as indicated, with arrows indicating extracellular polymeric substances and asterisks indicating broken cells and cell debris, respectively.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

Figure Lengend Snippet: SEM analysis of biofilms. S. mutans wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) were grown in BM medium with glucose and sucrose, glucose or sucrose. Biofilms were grown on HA disks vertically placed in 12 well plates for 24 h, and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Panel shows images of UA159 and TW416 biofilms grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose, which were taken at magnification of 5,000 and 10,000 × g as indicated, with arrows indicating extracellular polymeric substances and asterisks indicating broken cells and cell debris, respectively.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Microscopy

Acid and hydrogen peroxide challenge assays. S. mutans strains were grown until mid-exponential phase (OD 600nm ≈0.3) and then subjected to an acid or hydrogen peroxide killing. (A) shows survival rate of wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) following incubation in glycin buffer of pH 2.8, while (B) shows survival rate of the strains in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Data represented here are means (±standard deviation) of at least three independent experiments, with ∗ P < 0.001 as comparing to the wild-type.

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02130

Figure Lengend Snippet: Acid and hydrogen peroxide challenge assays. S. mutans strains were grown until mid-exponential phase (OD 600nm ≈0.3) and then subjected to an acid or hydrogen peroxide killing. (A) shows survival rate of wildtype (UA159), the mecA mutant (TW416) and its complement strain (TW416C) following incubation in glycin buffer of pH 2.8, while (B) shows survival rate of the strains in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Data represented here are means (±standard deviation) of at least three independent experiments, with ∗ P < 0.001 as comparing to the wild-type.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amount of the above antigen preps were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Slot Blot (Bio-Dot SF, BioRad), and probed with S. mutans whole cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159 to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild-type or the rgpG/brpA/psr triple mutant ( ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Incubation, Standard Deviation

Growth study. The S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159), its rgpG (TW322 and TW393), brpA (TW14D), psr (TW251), rgpG brpA (TW340), rgpG psr (TW341), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) mutants, and the rgpG complement strain (TW393C) were grown in BHI (A and C), semidefined biofilm medium (A) with glucose (BMG) and sucrose (BMS) as the carbohydrate sources, and BHI adjusted to pH 7.0 and 6.0 (B). The optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of the cultures was monitored continuously using Bioscreen C with a sterile mineral oil overlay. The data presented here are representative of more than three separate experiments.

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/AEM.00928-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth study. The S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159), its rgpG (TW322 and TW393), brpA (TW14D), psr (TW251), rgpG brpA (TW340), rgpG psr (TW341), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) mutants, and the rgpG complement strain (TW393C) were grown in BHI (A and C), semidefined biofilm medium (A) with glucose (BMG) and sucrose (BMS) as the carbohydrate sources, and BHI adjusted to pH 7.0 and 6.0 (B). The optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of the cultures was monitored continuously using Bioscreen C with a sterile mineral oil overlay. The data presented here are representative of more than three separate experiments.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amounts of the above antigen preparations were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Bio-Dot SF slot blot device (Bio-Rad) ( 49 ) and probed with S. mutans whole-cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159, to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG brpA psr triple mutant ( 50 , 51 ).

Techniques:

TEM analysis. The S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159) (A) and its rgpG (TW322) (B), rgpG brpA (TW340) (C), rgpG psr (TW341) (D), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) (E) mutants were grown in BHI until the mid-exponential phase (OD600 of ≅0.4). The images presented here were taken at a magnification of 10,000×, and scale bars are 500 nm. Panel F shows inserts of the magnified cell envelope of the different strains with the triple mutant TW343 showing a significantly thicker peptidoglycan (pg) layer and a thinner/fainter cytoplasmic membrane (cm).

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/AEM.00928-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: TEM analysis. The S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159) (A) and its rgpG (TW322) (B), rgpG brpA (TW340) (C), rgpG psr (TW341) (D), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) (E) mutants were grown in BHI until the mid-exponential phase (OD600 of ≅0.4). The images presented here were taken at a magnification of 10,000×, and scale bars are 500 nm. Panel F shows inserts of the magnified cell envelope of the different strains with the triple mutant TW343 showing a significantly thicker peptidoglycan (pg) layer and a thinner/fainter cytoplasmic membrane (cm).

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amounts of the above antigen preparations were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Bio-Dot SF slot blot device (Bio-Rad) ( 49 ) and probed with S. mutans whole-cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159, to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG brpA psr triple mutant ( 50 , 51 ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Biofilm formation. The S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159), its rgpG mutants (TW322 for the 96-well plate model and TW393 for HA discs), and the rgpG complement strain (TW393C) were grown in BM supplemented with glucose (BMG), sucrose (BMS), and glucose plus sucrose (BMGS). Biofilms were grown in 96-well plates (A) and HA discs vertically placed in 12-well plates (B and C) for 24 and 48 h. By the end of the experiments, biofilms on 96-well plates were stained with crystal violet and analyzed using a spectrophotometer (A); biofilms on HA discs were fixed overnight and processed for SEM analysis (B), or stained using the LIVE/DEAD fluorescent staining kit and examined by confocal microscopy (C). The results presented in panel A are averages (±standard deviation [SD] shown by error bars) of biofilms after 24 and 48 h from more than three independent experiments. * and # indicate statistically significant difference at P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively, compared to the wild type. Panel B shows representative SEM images (at 5,000×) of 24-h biofilms grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose. Panel C shows representative compressed xyz, xz, and yz confocal microscopic images (512 by 512) of biofilms grown in BM with glucose and sucrose.

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/AEM.00928-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biofilm formation. The S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159), its rgpG mutants (TW322 for the 96-well plate model and TW393 for HA discs), and the rgpG complement strain (TW393C) were grown in BM supplemented with glucose (BMG), sucrose (BMS), and glucose plus sucrose (BMGS). Biofilms were grown in 96-well plates (A) and HA discs vertically placed in 12-well plates (B and C) for 24 and 48 h. By the end of the experiments, biofilms on 96-well plates were stained with crystal violet and analyzed using a spectrophotometer (A); biofilms on HA discs were fixed overnight and processed for SEM analysis (B), or stained using the LIVE/DEAD fluorescent staining kit and examined by confocal microscopy (C). The results presented in panel A are averages (±standard deviation [SD] shown by error bars) of biofilms after 24 and 48 h from more than three independent experiments. * and # indicate statistically significant difference at P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively, compared to the wild type. Panel B shows representative SEM images (at 5,000×) of 24-h biofilms grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose. Panel C shows representative compressed xyz, xz, and yz confocal microscopic images (512 by 512) of biofilms grown in BM with glucose and sucrose.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amounts of the above antigen preparations were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Bio-Dot SF slot blot device (Bio-Rad) ( 49 ) and probed with S. mutans whole-cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159, to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG brpA psr triple mutant ( 50 , 51 ).

Techniques: Staining, Spectrophotometry, Confocal Microscopy, Standard Deviation

Biofilm formation. The S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159) and its rgpG (TW322), brpA (TW14D), psr (TW251), rpgG brpA (TW340), rgpG psr (TW341), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) mutants were grown in BM containing glucose, sucrose, and glucose plus sucrose. Biofilms were grown in 96-well plates and measured using a spectrophotometer following crystal violet staining. ANOVA and Tukey's pairwise comparison were used to analyze the differences between different strains. The data presented here represent the average (±SD shown by error bars) from more than three separate sets of experiments with cultures grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose. #, P < 0.001 versus UA159 and TW343 and <0.05 versus TW14D, TW251, TW340, and TW341; *, P < 0.001 versus UA159 and TW343 and <0.05 versus TW322; **, P < 0.001 versus all others.

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/AEM.00928-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biofilm formation. The S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159) and its rgpG (TW322), brpA (TW14D), psr (TW251), rpgG brpA (TW340), rgpG psr (TW341), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) mutants were grown in BM containing glucose, sucrose, and glucose plus sucrose. Biofilms were grown in 96-well plates and measured using a spectrophotometer following crystal violet staining. ANOVA and Tukey's pairwise comparison were used to analyze the differences between different strains. The data presented here represent the average (±SD shown by error bars) from more than three separate sets of experiments with cultures grown in BM plus glucose and sucrose. #, P < 0.001 versus UA159 and TW343 and <0.05 versus TW14D, TW251, TW340, and TW341; *, P < 0.001 versus UA159 and TW343 and <0.05 versus TW322; **, P < 0.001 versus all others.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amounts of the above antigen preparations were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Bio-Dot SF slot blot device (Bio-Rad) ( 49 ) and probed with S. mutans whole-cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159, to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG brpA psr triple mutant ( 50 , 51 ).

Techniques: Spectrophotometry, Staining

Immunoblot analysis. Cell wall antigens were isolated from murein sacculi of the S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159), its rgpG (TW322), rpgG brpA (TW340), rgpG psr (TW341), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) mutants, and the rgpG complement strain (TW322C) and were probed with whole-cell antiserum adsorbed with UA159 or TW343. The bar graph shows results when probed with antiserum adsorbed with the triple mutant, TW343, and expressed as mean of the percentage of signal intensities relative to UA159 (±SD represented in numbers above the individual bars) from two separate experiments. *, significant difference at P < 0.001 compared to the wild type. Images show the slot blots of cell wall antigens (a) and cell-free culture medium preparations (b) probed with the TW343 adsorbed antiserum. Samples were loaded as indicated in the bar graph above. The two images presented in panels a and b were taken from the same immunoblots with samples loaded at different rows.

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/AEM.00928-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunoblot analysis. Cell wall antigens were isolated from murein sacculi of the S. mutans wild-type strain (UA159), its rgpG (TW322), rpgG brpA (TW340), rgpG psr (TW341), and rgpG brpA psr (TW343) mutants, and the rgpG complement strain (TW322C) and were probed with whole-cell antiserum adsorbed with UA159 or TW343. The bar graph shows results when probed with antiserum adsorbed with the triple mutant, TW343, and expressed as mean of the percentage of signal intensities relative to UA159 (±SD represented in numbers above the individual bars) from two separate experiments. *, significant difference at P < 0.001 compared to the wild type. Images show the slot blots of cell wall antigens (a) and cell-free culture medium preparations (b) probed with the TW343 adsorbed antiserum. Samples were loaded as indicated in the bar graph above. The two images presented in panels a and b were taken from the same immunoblots with samples loaded at different rows.

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amounts of the above antigen preparations were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Bio-Dot SF slot blot device (Bio-Rad) ( 49 ) and probed with S. mutans whole-cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159, to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG brpA psr triple mutant ( 50 , 51 ).

Techniques: Western Blot, Isolation, Mutagenesis

Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study

Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Article Title: Deficiency of RgpG Causes Major Defects in Cell Division and Biofilm Formation, and Deficiency of LytR-CpsA-Psr Family Proteins Leads to Accumulation of Cell Wall Antigens in Culture Medium by Streptococcus mutans

doi: 10.1128/AEM.00928-17

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study

Article Snippet: For immunoblot analysis, equal amounts of the above antigen preparations were blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane using a Bio-Dot SF slot blot device (Bio-Rad) ( 49 ) and probed with S. mutans whole-cell antiserum that was generated using inactivated whole cells of the wild-type, UA159, to immunize rabbits (Lampire Biological Laboratories, Inc.) and was adsorbed with live cells of either the wild type, the rgpG mutant, or the rgpG brpA psr triple mutant ( 50 , 51 ).

Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Clone Assay